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Elucidating the role of interleukin-22 in Hirschsprung Associated enterocolitis pathogenesis

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NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Hirschsprung disease associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is the leading cause of death in children who lack enteric neurons in distal bowel, a birth defect called Hirschsprung disease. The etiology of HAEC is not well understood, but hypothesized disease mechanisms include altered gut microbes (“dysbiosis”), abnormal mucosal immune system and epithelial barrier defects. To date, there are no immune-targeted therapies to treat or prevent HAEC, but new treatments are needed. This proposal builds on the candidate’s preliminary data suggesting interleukin 22 (IL22) critically modulates HAEC risk and HAEC severity. The central hypothesis is that enteric nervous system (ENS) signaling induces IL22 release and facilitates IL22 epithelial responses to enhance mucosal immunity and strengthen epithelial barrier functions that prevent enterocolitis. The Piebald lethal (sl/sl) Hirschsprung disease mouse model of HAEC will be used, as survival of sl/sl mice is dramatically (> 3-fold) altered by diet (Tjaden et al, in BioRxiv and submitted) and IL22 mRNA is much higher in sl/sl fed a Protective diet that extends median survival (“late onset HAEC”). Aim 1 will define the cellular source(s) of IL22 from bowel regions of sl/sl model mice that develop early or late onset HAEC. In parallel, this aim tests the hypothesis that IL22 prevents HAEC, by using genetic and pharmacologic strategies to alter IL22 levels. Aim 2 will precisely define the role of IL22 on epithelial integrity, stem cell renewal and differentiation in organoids derived from sl/sl mice with early or late onset HAEC and from children with Hirschsprung disease with or without HAEC. Organoids facilitate studies of epithelial stem cell biology and IL22-epithelium interactions in the absence of microbes, neurons, or diffusible small molecules such as neurotransmitters. Collectively, these studies will determine cellular sources of IL22, the effect of ENS cells on IL22 secretion, the role of IL22 in enterocolitis, and the impact of Hirschsprung disease associated aganglionosis on epithelial cell biology. These studies build on the candidate’s training as a pediatric gastroenterologist, who has clinical exposure to the diagnosis and treatment of children with Hirschsprung disease and HAEC, as well as her basic science training in enteric nervous system biology. As the work proceeds, she will become an expert in mucosal immunology and epithelial biology with a focus on neuro-immune and neuro-epithelial interactions. The mentors, Dr. Robert Heuckeroth, and Dr. Kathryn Hamilton are experts in ENS biology and epithelial biology respectively. Both mentors have a strong commitment to mentorship and NIH funding track records. Experiments will be conducted at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, a collegial, collaborative and state-of-the art institution. The professional development and training plan will position the candidate as a successful pediatrician-scientist, who is focused on the prevention and treatment of Hirschsprung associated enterocolitis. These studies should determine if IL22-based therapies would likely be successful in HAEC, and if a human clinical trial is appropriate.

Up to $159K

Deadline: 2031-01-31

health research

Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Tolerogenic Immunotherapy

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NIAID - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

PROJECT SUMMARY Autoimmune diseases impact ~25 million people in the United States and are increasing in prevalence. Autoimmune diseases are driven by a failure of immunological tolerance that triggers aberrant immune responses against self-antigens that can impart debilitating morbidities and even death. There are no cures for autoimmune disease and current treatments non-specifically blunt immune responses against both self- and non-self-antigen, requiring life-long treatment compliance that leaves patients more susceptible to infection and malignancy. We propose to develop a develop and test a new strategy for targeted treatment of autoimmune diseases that harnesses the intrinsic immunoregulatory properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are secreted by all cell types as a mechanism for promoting transfer of molecules between cells and have been implicated in the maintenance or induction of immunological tolerance through their ability to deliver diverse immunoregulatory cargo. We hypothesize that EVs derived from immunosuppressive cell sources and engineered to deliver autoantigens can be employed as a tolerogenic vaccine (i.e., inverse vaccine) that promotes antigen-specific T cell tolerance that abrogates autoimmune disease. Towards this end, we have devised strategies for exogenous loading of peptide antigens onto EV surfaces, thereby enabling coordinated delivery of antigens and immunosuppressive EV cargo to antigen presenting cells (APCs), resulting in the presentation of autoantigen in a potently tolerogenic context. While our EV-based tolerogenic vaccine platform – tolEVax – is amenable to EVs isolated any cell source and can be applied to several autoimmune diseases, we will focus on engineering of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) and will test our approach in a model of multiple sclerosis. We propose to establish tolEVax as a promising strategy for promoting immune tolerance and treating autoimmunity through two Specific Aims. In Aim 1, we will load MSC- EVs with peptide antigens, evaluate effects on antigen biodistribution and uptake by APCs, and characterize effects on antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to model antigens. In Aim 2, we will evaluate the capacity of tolEVax to inhibit autoreactive T cell responses and self-antigen mediated inflammation and pathology in a model of multiple sclerosis. We expect these studies to identify MSC-EVs as potently tolerogenic antigen nanocarriers, to provide new insight into how EVs modulate adaptive immune responses, and to demonstrate the efficacy of tolEVax as a potential treatment for MS. Overall, this research will result in a platform technology that addresses the unmet need for effective antigen-specific immunotherapies for autoimmune disease by exploiting the inherent and multimodal immunosuppressive functions of EVs.

Up to $448K

Deadline: 2028-01-31

Health

Enhancing Palliative Care Integration in Home Healthcare: Assessing Readiness, Identifying Needs, and Overcoming Challenges (EPIC-HHC)

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NIA - National Institute on Aging

Specialized home-based palliative care offers cost-effective, patient-centered care, enhancing satisfaction and quality of life for individuals with serious illnesses. Home healthcare (HHC) patients, predominantly seriously ill older individuals with multiple chronic conditions, could greatly benefit from such care. However, only 7% of home-based palliative care programs are operated by HHC agencies. Addressing this gap, the National Association of Home Care and Hospice (NAHC) has advocated for Medicare payment model revisions. The “Expanding Access to Palliative Care Act” bill proposes a broader HHC palliative care approach. Nevertheless, a wider integration of palliative care into HHC depends on clinician readiness, patient and caregiver receptivity, and a robust screening tool for the timely identification of palliative care beneficiaries. Currently, no HHC-specific screening tool exists. The 2018 National Consensus Project (NCP) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care outlines eight domains for comprehensive palliative care. However, existing assessments often overlook crucial contextual or social factors, important for patients with complex care needs. Variations in palliative care access and utilization exist, and factors affecting public perception of palliative care are multifaceted. Our team, guided by the 2018 NCP guidelines, developed two HHC-specific questionnaires to measure Palliative Care-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence: one for HHC clinicians (PC-KAC- Clinician), and another for HHC patients and caregivers (PC-KAC-Patient/Caregiver). Using the unique HHC setting-specific PC-KAC questionnaires, this project seeks to assess readiness for palliative care integration in HHC, explore variation in readiness and receptivity, and devise a screening tool for identifying HHC patients benefiting from palliative care. We will 1) develop a consensus and evidence-based screening tool to identify HHC patients who can most benefit from palliative care and assess the feasibility and acceptability of the screener; 2) assess the preparedness of HHC clinicians to deliver palliative care; 3) evaluate the knowledge and receptiveness of palliative care among HHC patients and caregivers and identify differences in knowledge and receptivity; and 4) explore the barriers and facilitators related to the integration of palliative care services into HHC practice. Screening tool development will be through systematic review, expert input, validation and pilot testing with HHC clinicians. Questionnaires will be conducted among HHC clinicians (n=480), and patients/caregivers (total n=480) to understand their palliative care-related knowledge, attitudes, and confidence. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with key stakeholders to explore how best to incorporate palliative care into HHC practice. Alignment with PAR-22-092, this project aims to advance a new care model, integrating palliative care within HHC, catering to patients with multiple chronic conditions, especially those with multiple chronic conditions and complex social and care needs.

Up to $713K

Deadline: 2030-01-31

Health

Enteroendocrine regulation of intestinal barrier function

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NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

PROJECT SUMMARY Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are rare sensory cells scattered throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium that interface between environmental stimuli like nutrients and microbes and the body's response, secreting over 20 distinct hormones that act locally and systemically. Our lab uses EEC-deficient mice and human intestinal organoids to uncover the intestinal functions regulated by EECs and uses these models as a blank slate to test the roles of individual EEC-derived products on intestinal physiology. EECs are often dysregulated in metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although their roles in disease pathogenesis remain unknown. Many of these diseases are associated with impaired function of the intestinal epithelial barrier, allowing undigested food, microbes, metabolites, and toxins to cross the epithelium, triggering local and systemic inflammation. Tight junctions are essential for barrier integrity and are composed of several proteins which are supported by sphingolipids called ceramides, best characterized in the skin. In the intestine, barrier proteins are often reduced in IBD, along with several species of ceramides. Similarly, loss of ceramides within the intestinal epithelium exacerbates chemically-induced colitis and supplementation of ceramides improves colitis in mouse models. We discovered that several species of ceramides are reduced or absent in EEC-deficient mouse small intestine. Moreover, EEC-deficient human intestinal organoids display increased barrier permeability and upregulate an inflammatory gene signature. In preliminary experiments, we found that EEC-deficient mice also display impaired barrier function with increased permeability and markers of inflammation. When challenged with oral ingestion of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), which classically induces colitis, EEC-deficient mice displayed significantly greater weight loss compared to controls. These data led us to hypothesize that EECs promote a strong barrier by regulating ceramide abundance and may be effective therapeutics for inflammation-mediated barrier dysfunction. Our first aim is to determine the role of EECs in the structure-function relationship between tight junctions and ceramides using in vitro human intestinal organoid cultures. Our second aim is to define the role of EECs in DSS-induced disease progression and recovery, and to test the role of the EEC hormone PYY in protecting the gut against DSS-induced damage. Our third aim is to perform targeted analysis of sphingolipid metabolic pathways of human intestinal organoids and murine intestine to define the mechanism by which EECs participate in ceramide biosynthesis in homeostasis and in disease. We expect that restoration of exogenous PYY to EEC-deficient models will improve barrier function and mitigate the severity of DSS-induced disease by increasing the abundance of ceramides within the epithelium. These experiments will define a new role for EECs in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, uncover a novel mechanism regulating barrier integrity in health and disease, and provide a basis for future therapies aimed at repairing a leaky gut.

Up to $113K

Deadline: 2028-01-31

Health

Epigenetic Regulation of Pre-and Post-Translational Signaling in Aortic Valve Stenosis

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NHLBI - National Heart Lung and Blood Institute

Project Summary/Abstract Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) will affect 3% of people over the age of 75. CAVD disease progression is characterized by an active deposition of calcific noduli and extracellular matrix proteins. This excessive deposition results in valvular thickening, outflow tract narrowing, restricted blood flow, left ventricular hypertrophy, and eventual heart failure. Despite the clinical significance of this disease, patients must “watch and wait” until surgical AV replacement and repair is necessary, as currently no pharmacotherapeutics exist. This proposal focuses on identifying novel epigenetic mechanisms underlying calcific aortic valve disease progress and pathophysiology. For preliminary investigation on the role of epigenomic regulators in valve calcification, we re-mined proteomic datasets to specifically probe differential abundance of epigenetic factors – that is, proteins involved in histone post-translational modification reading, writing, and erasing. The preliminary data presented in this proposal shows that enzymes responsible for histone regulation are differentially abundant in valvular tissue as a function of disease stage, structural localization within the valve leaflet, as well as within VIC cultures as a function of calcification induction media (inorganic vs. organic phosphate media). However, the dataset mined was not exhaustive in identification as it was untargeted. Additionally, our preliminary data did not investigate the regulatory role epigenetics plays in downstream translational and post-translational signaling required for cell-cell, cell-matrix, and cell-vesicle mediated signaling. The proposed research capitalizes on an ever-expanding cohort of clinically defined human adult CAVD aortic valve tissue, as well as an extensive biobank of valvular interstitial cells isolated from human donors. It is our central hypothesis that there are unique histone modifications that contribute to pathological development of calcification in human aortic valves. Aim 1 will use novel mass spectrometry approaches to define the histone code of CAVD along with corresponding transcriptional regulation via Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing. Aim 2 will determine cell-mediated spatially localized translational targets downstream of epigenetic regulation, utilizing multi-modal histopathological imaging, laser capture microdissection, and low-input proteomic strategies. Aim 3 will investigate the role of epigenomic modifications on microenvironment signaling mediated by N-linked glycosylation. By mapping the histone code of aortic valve calcification and identifying both upstream epigenetic regulators and downstream transcriptional, translational, and post-translational targets of this epigenetic regulation, we aim to identify potential pharmacotherapeutic targets that may halt progression of CAVD. These studies will be conducted by Dr. Clift under the mentorship of Dr. Elena Aikawa, a pioneer in cardiovascular systems biology, as well as an advisory committee dedicated to proposed research and trainee. By utilizing this mentorship and professional development via the MOSAIC UE5, Dr. Clift is primed for successful independence.

Up to $248K

Deadline: 2029-01-31

Health

Epigenetically optimized replication-defective Herpes Simplex Virus vectors for multigenic gene therapy in Alzheimer’s disease.

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NIA - National Institute on Aging

Abstract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, significantly impacting older adults and placing a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems. Despite extensive research, including numerous clinical trials and drug development efforts, current treatments for AD have shown limited success. Recently approved monoclonal antibodies, while offering disease-modifying potential by clearing Aβ plaques, still face challenges like amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) and limited effectiveness due to the complex and multifactorial nature of AD. AD arises from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, involving multiple pathological processes such as Aβ plaques, tau tangles, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. The biochemical mechanisms of AD are deeply interconnected and dynamic, evolving as the condition progresses, making it difficult for monotherapies to effectively address the disease. Recognizing these complexities, combination therapies are increasingly valued for their comprehensive approach. Gene therapy platforms that target multiple pathways, tackling the diverse factors driving AD, are emerging as promising strategies. Here we propose to develop and refine novel replication-defective (rd) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector as gene therapy platform aimed at treating AD. The rdHSV platform is a promising neurotrophic vector with the ability to deliver multiple therapeutic genes, due to its large payload capacity (~35 kb) and ensuring long-term transgene expression through viral and cellular insulators that prevent host silencing. Safety was achieved by removing all immediate early (IE) genes, including those encoding infected cell proteins (ICP) 4, ICP27, and ICP0. These high-capacity vectors, exclusively generated by our laboratory, are supported by preliminary data showing durable (up to 1 year), non-toxic multi-gene expression in the brain positioning it as a potential strategy to address the multifactorial nature of AD. In Aim 1, we will explore the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the interaction between viral and cellular insulators, focusing on how they affect chromatin structure, DNA methylation, and histone modifications. This is crucial for ensuring stable transgene expression in neurons, as controlling the epigenetic environment is key to the long-term success of gene therapy. Enhancing the epigenetic compatibility of the transgene cassette in neurons could also be adapted for use in other CNS cell types in the future. In Aim 2, we will test the therapeutic efficacy of the rdHSV vectors in an in vivo AD model (3×Tg-AD mice), testing the ability of vectors expressing genes targeting Aβ clearance (NEP) and tau degradation (TRIM11). Both genes are downregulated in AD. We will test weather their stable expression will reduce pathology, improve cognitive function, and alleviate neuroinflammation in both preventing and therapeutic settings. We will test the vectors carrying these therapeutic genes, both individually and in combination. By addressing the complex causes of AD, this approach seeks to provide a more effective treatment than the current monogenic therapies that have proven ineffective.

Up to $434K

Deadline: 2028-01-31

Health

ERI: Fundamental Study of Multiscale Dynamics of Molecular Mixing and Chemical Reactions in Multiphase Systems

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NSF

This project will examine how different substances mix and react in flowing mixtures of liquids and gases. When fluids mix and undergo chemical reactions, tiny random swirls of turbulence control how well molecules mix and react. Understanding these processes is very important because they affect the efficiently of energy production, how pollutants spread in the environment, and how chemicals, materials, and medicines are manufactured. However, predicting and controlling mixing and reactions in such chaotic flows is a big challenge because small changes at the microscopic level can lead to very different outcomes. To address this challenge, the project will develop new computer models that more accurately represent mixing and chemical reactions in complex flows at the molecular scale. Better simulation of these processes will help engineers design cleaner engines, more efficient chemical reactors, and processes to create materials with less waste and pollution. The project will also emphasize education and accessibility by training students in advanced simulation techniques, releasing new software tools as open source to the public, and engaging students through outreach activities. Through these efforts, the project will advance scientific knowledge while contributing to national prosperity, environmental protection, and public health. The research will develop a new bounded Langevin micromixing model to simulate molecular-scale mixing in turbulent multiphase flows. The stochastic model enforces physical bounds on scalar concentrations and provides improved predictions of how mixing fluctuations decay over time. Chemical reaction kinetics will be tightly coupled with the mixing process through Jacobian matrix analysis, allowing the model to adjust local mixing rates based on relevant reaction time scales. In addition, the model will adapt to local flow conditions using the Damköhler number, ensuring accurate treatment across regimes ranging from mixing-limited to reaction-limited behavior. The resulting models will be implemented within a computational framework and rigorously validated against high-fidelity data from direct numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The computational approach employs quadrature-based moment methods to efficiently represent the evolving distributions of scalars in mixing and reacting systems, capturing their inherent multiscale nature. The finalized model will be released as open-source software through the OpenQBMM library and integrated into OpenFOAM, enabling broad use and further development by the research and engineering communities. Finally, the project integrates research and education by actively involving graduate and undergraduate students in model development and validation, providing hands-on training in advanced simulation techniques and supporting workforce development in STEM fields. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Up to $200K

Deadline: 2028-06-30

Educationengineering

Evaluating Nurse Demands and Resources with Virtual Nursing to Mitigate Burnout

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NINR - National Institute of Nursing Research

PROJECT ABSTRACT Importance: Healthcare settings are struggling to provide enough nurses to meet patients’ needs. About 40% of nurses reported high rates of burnout and leaving their positions prematurely. Burnout is driven by high job demands and limited organizational resources. Virtual nursing (VN), an organizational strategy borne of necessity to deliver patient care during the pandemic, was also viewed as an approach to potentially mitigate nurse burnout. To date, 43% of US hospitals have already implemented some form of VN, where remote nurses engage in team-based care using telehealth. Hypothetically, VN is expected to reduce the job demands for bedside nurses. However, little is known about the relationship between the use of VN and nurse job demands and resources. To address this knowledge gap, we will use a multi-site, natural experiment across nine diverse hospitals. Objective: Generate real-world, data-driven evidence on the job demands and resources, drivers of burnout, for bedside nurses who do and do not use VN. Specific aims: (1) Determine the association between the use of virtual nursing and workplace job demands among bedside nurses using EHR and survey data. (2) Determine the association between the use of virtual nursing and individual job demands among bedside nurses using eye-tracking technology and wearable devices. (3) Determine the job resources required to support VN and identify organizational solutions to mitigate nurse burnout using Design Thinking workshops. Methods: Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework and using a mixed-methods sequential design, we will examine the relationship between VN use and the job demands and resources that drive nurse burnout. First, we will use novel quantitative data (EHR and physiologic) to gain data-driven, real-world insights on job demands (e.g., time pressure, mental demand). Second, we will apply design thinking to understand the job resources needed to support VN and design organizational solutions that address systemic aspects of burnout. Expected outcomes: On successful completion of our research, we expect contributions to include to (1) understand the association between using VN and workplace job demands, (2) understand the association of using VN and nurse job demands for bedside nurses using physiologic data, and (3) determine the required organizational resources to better support bedside nurses using virtual nursing.

Up to $668K

Deadline: 2030-11-30

Health

Examining the Role of District Science Coordinator Professional Learning in Supporting and Retaining Science Teachers

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NSF

The project aims to serve the national need of supporting and retaining science teachers by exploring how the professional learning (PL) of District Science Coordinators (DSCs) impacts, if at all, the effectiveness and retention of new science teachers in high-need schools. There are a variety of factors influencing why new teachers stay or leave teaching; one factor not investigated is the role of DSCs in supporting teachers. With well-prepared DSCs, new science teachers could be better supported to teach and stay in high-need settings with students who often do not have positive or rigorous experiences in science. Thus, in time, this project could contribute to improved success of students in science which could translate into an increase in the STEM talent pool. This study is designed to generate new knowledge about how DSCs provide support for and aid in the effectiveness and retention of new teachers in high-need schools. This project at Clemson University and the University of Georgia partners with the National Science Education Leadership Association (NSELA) and districts across the nation. The project’s goal is to determine how different levels of PL among DSCs impacts new teachers in their first five years of teaching. The study aims to examine the PL of DSCs in terms of both required professional development and free-choice learning. The latter refers to PL that is chosen by DSCs, such as reading journal articles, watching educational videos, visiting museums and parks, and attending professional conferences. The project intends to gather and analyze qualitative and quantitative data to understand how the PL of a DSC contributes to the effectiveness and retention of new science teachers. Among the analytic approaches to be used are a two-cycle coding process to examine the impact of PL on DSCs and the subsequent impact on teachers, with the first cycle using holistic coding and the second using organization or hierarchical outlining. Another analytic approach to be used is multiple linear regression modeling regarding the relationship between variables and to support explanation of observed variance. These are just two of sixteen analytic approaches to be used to examine the two project research questions. The findings from this project are expected to contribute to the understanding of the selection, quantity, and quality of PL of DSCs as well as if there is any impact on new teachers associated with the PL of the DSCs. This project builds upon current synergies across the country to cultivate teacher leadership - but with a focus on DSCs – and could suggest what additional studies are needed in this area. The results are to be shared with a wide audience, through traditional and novel formats, including usage of well-established social media outlets used by the PIs and presentation of findings at state and regional levels targeted to reach administrators with responsibility for the hiring and support to DSCs. This will provide the opportunity for others to benefit from and build upon this project’s findings to further improve K-12 STEM education. This Track 4: Noyce Research project is supported through the Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program (Noyce). The Noyce program supports talented STEM undergraduate majors and professionals to become effective K-12 STEM teachers and experienced, exemplary K-12 teachers to become STEM master teachers in high-need school districts. It also supports research on the effectiveness and retention of K-12 STEM teachers in high-need school districts. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Up to $158K

Deadline: 2027-11-30

Educationsocial science

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